Mondeberbere.com / Amadalamazigh.com / = Berberworld.com

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charset="iso-8859-1" Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Content-Location: http://www.mondeberbere.com/principal.css .titre1 { FONT-SIZE: 16pt; COLOR: #009900; FONT-FAMILY: Arial } .double { MARGIN-TOP: 3pt } .url { FONT-SIZE: x-small; COLOR: #cc6600; FONT-FAMILY: Arial } .detail { FONT-SIZE: 11pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt } .textetitre { FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: #3366cc; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; = TEXT-ALIGN: justify } .bgcd { BACKGROUND-COLOR: #ddfffc } .tab-art { BACKGROUND-COLOR: #ffdf9c } A:unknown { COLOR: #0000ff; TEXT-DECORATION: none } A:link { COLOR: #0000ff; TEXT-DECORATION: none } A:visited { COLOR: #0000ff; TEXT-DECORATION: none } A:active { COLOR: #0000ff; TEXT-DECORATION: none } A:hover { COLOR: #cc0000; TEXT-DECORATION: none } TABLE { FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif } BODY { FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #000000; FONT-FAMILY: Arial, Helvetica, = sans-serif; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #fff2e6 } BLOCKQUOTE { FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif } .mzgh { FONT-FAMILY: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif } ------=_NextPart_000_0000_01C9061E.404D67D0 Content-Type: text/html; charset="Windows-1252" Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Content-Location: http://www.mondeberbere.com/civilisation/tradition/jeuxtouareg.htm L'animal dans les jeux et jouets des enfants = touaregs

L'ANIMAL DANS LES=20 JEUX ET JOUETS DES ENFANTS TOUAREG

English version

Jean-Pierre Rossie
Nordic Center for = Research=20 on Toys
and Educational Media,
Halmstad University, = Halmstad,=20 Su=E8de
jprossie@hotmail.com

Introduction

Un aspect fondamental de toute culture et de toute soci=E9t=E9 est = l'activit=E9=20 ludique, les jeux et les autres divertissements comme le chant, la = danse, la=20 musique, les contes et proverbes, etc. Cependant, cet h=E9ritage = culturel, et en=20 particulier les divertissements des enfants, est souvent oubli=E9 et = n=E9glig=E9 du=20 moins par les adultes. Pourtant chaque enfant exp=E9rience le r=F4le que = les jeux=20 jouent dans son d=E9veloppement et son int=E9gration dans la = communaut=E9.

Cet article, repris avec quelques modifications de la revue Tifawt = (Mekn=E8s,=20 1996, n=B0 8), ne veut pas seulement d=E9crire mais en m=EAme temps = stimuler la=20 reconnaissance, l'analyse et l'utilisation p=E9dagogique de ce = patrimoine en voie=20 de disparition, et cela aussi bien avec respect pour la tradition que = pour=20 l'=E9volution. En outre, il serait tr=E8s int=E9ressant d'en savoir plus = sur les jeux=20 et jouets des enfants amazighs et sur l'attitude des communaut=E9s = amazighes=20 envers les jeux des enfants =E0 travers une analyse directe mais aussi = par l'=E9tude=20 des proverbes et dictons qui s'y r=E9f=E8rent.

3D"Dromadaire

Figure 1. Dromadaire en pierre taill=E9e, = Touareg Kel=20 A=EFr

Mais voyons plut=F4t de quelle mani=E8re les enfants touareg ont = int=E9gr=E9 dans=20 leurs jeux le monde des animaux, un monde qui leur est, ou du moins leur = =E9tait,=20 si familier. Avant d'en arriver l=E0, il faut encore dire quelque chose = du milieu=20 o=F9 vivent ces enfants. Selon des chiffres r=E9cents, il y aurait = environ 1,3=20 millions de Touareg, dont 750.000 au Niger, 400.000 au Mali, 60.000 en = Alg=E9rie,=20 Libye et Burkina Faso. Ces Touareg vivent sur un immense territoire = s'=E9tendant=20 sur le Sahara et le Sahel. Le relief de ces r=E9gions varie entre 500 et = plus de=20 2000 m=E8tres d'altitude. Jusque dans les ann=E9es trente, les Touareg = menaient une=20 vie nomade et =E9taient avant tout des =E9leveurs de dromadaires. Mais = depuis les=20 ann=E9es cinquante, la vie traditionnelle des Touareg se perd de plus en = plus.

Les jeux et jouets pr=E9sent=E9s ici appartiennent encore =E0 ce = monde traditionnel=20 r=E9volu. Mais cela ne veut nullement dire que ces jeux et jouets ont = disparus. En=20 plus, c'est =E0 travers les jeux et jouets qu'assez bien de valeurs, de = donn=E9es et=20 de comportements 'traditionnels' survivent aux changements impos=E9s par = la vie=20 moderne.

Le dromadaire dans les jeux et jouets des enfants touareg

Le dromadaire, cet animal si bien adapt=E9 au d=E9sert, a tout = naturellement=20 frapp=E9 l'imagination des enfants sahariens. Il est donc normal que ce = dromadaire=20 se retrouve dans bon nombre de jeux des enfants touareg ainsi que parmi = leurs=20 jouets. Mais avant de faire des dromadaires-jouets ces enfants jouent = d=E9j=E0 avec=20 les chamelons.

3D"Dromadaire

Figure 2. Dromadaire en pierre taill=E9e, = Touareg Kel=20 A=EFr

Les petits bergers et aussi les petites berg=E8res font des jouets = qui=20 repr=E9sentent des dromadaires. Ils sont par exemple taill=E9s dans une = pierre=20 plate, faits avec une m=E2choire de ch=E8vre ou de mouton, de l'argile, = du mat=E9riel=20 d'origine v=E9g=E9tale (branchettes, feuilles, fibres), des morceaux = d'=E9toffes.=20 Comme on peut le voir sur les figures 1 et 2, ces pierres plates = l=E9g=E8rement=20 taill=E9es semblent assez uniforme. Cependant, les enfants touareg = donnent une=20 signification sp=E9cifique =E0 ces jouets suivant leur forme. Pour eux = il s'agit=20 bien d'un dromadaire m=E2le avec une profonde encoche au milieu de la = base (fig.=20 1) ou d'une femelle enceinte reposant sur son gros ventre (fig. 2). Les = petits=20 dromadaires sont des pierre plus petites. =C0 c=F4t=E9 de ces = dromadaires tr=E8s=20 sch=E9matis=E9s il existe aussi des formes plus =E9labor=E9es, comme le = prouve la figure=20 3. Il fut taill=E9 par un enfant touareg Kel Ajjer du Sahara alg=E9rien = dans les=20 ann=E9es cinquante.

3D"Cliquez

Figure 3. Dromadaire en pierre taill=E9e, = Touareg Kel=20 Ajjer

Les bergers et les berg=E8res touareg dressent leurs dromadaires en = pierres=20 taill=E9es sur le sable et les mettent en ligne ou en cercle. Ils = utilisent en=20 plus le vocabulaire courant se r=E9f=E9rant =E0 l'=E9levage de ces = animaux. Le nom donn=E9=20 =E0 ces jouets est "tifers=EEtin", singulier "tafers=EEt" (Archier, = 1953: 39; de=20 Foucauld ,1951-1952: 358).

Les enfants touareg font aussi des dromadaires avec une m=E2choire de = ch=E8vre ou=20 de mouton. La figure 4 montre que cela peut donner lieu =E0 la = cr=E9ation d'un petit=20 chef-d'=9Cuvre fabriqu=E9 par un gar=E7on de douze ans des Kel Ahaggar = d'Id=E8les=20 (Sahara alg=E9rien) dans les ann=E9es trente. Il s'agit d'un dromadaire = sell=E9, de 27=20 cm de haut, mont=E9 d'un m=E9hariste ou d'un guerrier de 16 cm de haut. = Chez les=20 Touareg de cette r=E9gion et ceux de Gh=E2t en Libye, ces jouets = =E9taient appel=E9s=20 "aknar". Pour les Touareg Kel Ajjer de Djanet en Alg=E9rie, le nom = "amajor" a =E9t=E9=20 avanc=E9.

3D"Cliquez

Figure 4. Dromadaire-jouet et = poup=E9e-m=E9hariste,=20 Touareg

Un autre mod=E8le de dromadaires-jouets est fait avec une crotte de = dromadaire=20 dans laquelle des =E9pines d'acacia sont piqu=E9es. Une =E9pine double = figure le cou=20 et la t=EAte, une =E9pine simple les pattes ou la queue (Bellin, 1963: = 99). Edmond=20 Bernus montre une belle photo d'un jeune enfant touareg Kel Dinnik = (Sahara=20 malien) avec son dromadaire construit =E0 l'aide de crottes de = dromadaire et=20 d'=E9pines de tiboraq (1975: 174).

La figure 5 propose un type de dromadaires-jouets fait avec des = mati=E8res=20 v=E9g=E9tales et des morceaux d'=E9toffe et de laine. Ce dromadaire fut = recueilli en=20 1974 =E0 Talat dans l'A=EFr (Sahara du Niger). Les pattes sont des = branchettes=20 fix=E9es dans un coussin servant de tronc. Le cou et la t=EAte de = l'animal sont en=20 fibres de palmier torsad=E9es ainsi que le m=E9hariste. Ce m=E9hariste = est recouvert=20 d'un v=EAtement en =E9toffe blanche. Il porte une coiffure noire avec = floches de=20 laine rouge et verte maintenues par une =E9pingle double.

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Figure 5. Dromadaire-jouet et = poup=E9e-m=E9hariste,=20 Touareg

Un dernier type de dromadaires-jouets pr=E9sent=E9 ici, est celui = model=E9 en=20 argile et s=E9ch=E9 au soleil. Le dromadaire =E0 m=E9hariste de la = figure 6 (hauteur=20 totale 14 cm) fut model=E9 par un enfant touareg Kel Ajjer du Sahara = alg=E9rien et=20 collectionn=E9 en 1934-1935 =E0 Djanet.

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Figure 6. Dromadaire-jouet et = poup=E9e-m=E9hariste,=20 Touareg

Le texte d'un auteur anonyme, "Vie des Touaregs. Enfance et Jeux", = r=E9dig=E9=20 apr=E8s 1945 mais avant 1960, donne des informations tr=E8s = int=E9ressantes sur les=20 Touareg Kel Ahaggar et Kel Ajjer du Sahara alg=E9rien. Selon cet auteur, = l'armature en bois souple de l'acacia "est mont=E9e par les = gar=E7ons, puis=20 habill=E9e de vieux chiffons par les petites filles qui recouvrent = ensuite le tout=20 d'un beau morceau de tissu blanc pour en faire une monture de chef. = Parfois,=20 lorsque la couture de ce petit chef-d'oeuvre s'av=E8re trop d=E9licate = pour ces=20 jeunes doigts inexp=E9riment=E9s, on va demander l'aide d'une femme de = la famille=20 qui ne d=E9daigne pas d'aider =E0 la confection du jouet. Tous les = d=E9tails de=20 l'animal sont scrupuleusement respect=E9s : la t=EAte est bien = dessin=E9e =E0=20 l'aide de petits morceaux de bois minuscules, taill=E9s et retaill=E9s = par l'artiste=20 de la bande : yeux, oreilles, bouche, rien n'y manque, et la forme = de la=20 bosse est souvent tr=E8s r=E9ussie; par contre, le chameau, vu de = profil, n'a que=20 deux pattes que l'on pique dans le sable pour le faire tenir debout. = C'est=20 encore un gar=E7on qui, dans un morceau de bois tendre, tamaris de = pr=E9f=E9rence,=20 sculpte la selle, exacte r=E9plique de la 'rahla tamzak', d=E9cor=E9e au = feu =E0 l'aide=20 de pointes d'aiguilles, puis fix=E9e sur l'animal par une petite sangle, = dont le=20 travail, pompon compris, est semblable =E0 celui du harnachement normal. = Puis=20 toute la petite troupe s'affaire =E0 tailler dans des d=E9bris de = peau : la=20 bride, les dabias, l'areg et jusqu'=E0 la cravache et au tapis de selle = qui=20 compl=E8tent l'=E9quipement." Ces dromadaires mont=E9s d'une = poup=E9e m=E9hariste en=20 armature de bois joliment v=EAtue de chiffons, sont les personnages = centraux des=20 jeux. "Autour de cette figure principale, se monte le reste de la = famille: la=20 m=E8re, envelopp=E9e dans ses larges v=EAtements et dont les pieds de = bois sont=20 curieusement piqu=E9s dans une grosse boule d'argile qui, pos=E9e sur le = sol permet=20 de lui imprimer un curieux balancement cens=E9 repr=E9senter la marche; = les enfants,=20 de toutes tailles, puis les serviteurs noirs. Aux personnages viennent = s'ajouter=20 animaux et objets familiers du campement: chameaux de b=E2t, ch=E8vres, = chiens,=20 =E2nes, tapis, marmites, outres et jusqu'=E0 la tente taill=E9e dans un = morceau de=20 peau. Les santons termin=E9s, tous les enfants jouent '=E0 la tribu'. = Pendant que=20 les gar=E7ons, avec le chef de famille mont=E9 sur son m=E9hari blanc, = les chameaux de=20 b=E2t charg=E9s de sacs de sable, s'en vont au long des pistes trac=E9es = sur le sol,=20 tournent autour des montagnes de cailloux et abreuvent leur convoi =E0 = des points=20 d'eau imaginaires, parcourant ainsi des milliers de kilom=E8tres sur une = curieuse=20 carte en relief o=F9 les proportions sont loin d'=EAtre respect=E9es, = les petites=20 filles, rest=E9es au campement, montent la tente, envoient les n=E8gres = d'=E9toffe=20 garder les ch=E8vres d'argile, simulent une cuisine longue et savoureuse = et=20 finissent par faire un repas succulent avec trois dattes. Lorsque les = gar=E7ons,=20 apr=E8s un long p=E9riple de cent m=E8tres, reviennent au camp, tout ce = petit monde=20 simule les f=EAtes joyeuses qui accueillent les caravanes de retour du=20 Soudan." (Folklore touareg. F=EAtes et ludisme: 93-94).

Notes

Les jouets figurant dans cet article appartiennent =E0 la collection = de jouets=20 sahariens et nord-africains du D=E9partement d'Afrique Blanche et du = Proche Orient=20 du Mus=E9e de l'Homme =E0 Paris. Les clich=E9s ont =E9t=E9 faits par les = photographes du=20 Laboratoire de Photographie de ce Mus=E9e qui en d=E9tiennent les droits = de=20 reproduction. Reproduction interdite sans autorisation pr=E9alable.

Pour mes publications sur les jeux et jouets des enfants sahariens et = nord-africains, parlant en grande partie d'enfants amazighs, voir le = site Web du=20 Nordic Center for Research on Toys and Educational Media : http://www.hh.se/dep/ncflweb/Publications.html

Liste des figures

Dromadaire en pierre taill=E9e, Touareg Kel A=EFr, Collection du = Mus=E9e de=20 l'Homme, n=B0: 71.39.5.3, 1971, clich=E9 Laboratoire de Photographie = du Mus=E9e de=20 l'Homme.=20
Dromadaire en pierre taill=E9e, Touareg Kel A=EFr, Collection du = Mus=E9e de=20 l'Homme, n=B0: 71.39.5.27, 1971, clich=E9 Laboratoire de Photographie = du Mus=E9e de=20 l'Homme.=20
Dromadaire en pierre taill=E9e, Touareg Kel Ajjer, Collection du = Mus=E9e de=20 l'Homme, n=B0 62.128.4, 1959, clich=E9 Laboratoire de Photographie du = Mus=E9e de=20 l'Homme.=20
Dromadaire-jouet et poup=E9e-m=E9hariste, Touareg, Collection du = Mus=E9e de=20 l=92Homme n=B0 41.19.113, clich=E9 D. Ponsard.=20
Dromadaire-jouet et poup=E9e-m=E9hariste, Touareg, Collection du = Mus=E9e de=20 l=92Homme n=B0 74.107.6, clich=E9 M. Delapanche.=20
Dromadaire-jouet et poup=E9e-m=E9hariste, Touareg, Collection du = Mus=E9e de=20 l=92Homme n=B0 37.21.104.1/2, clich=E9 M. Delaplanche.

Bibliographie

ARCHIER L. (capitaine), 1953, "Note sur les chameaux-jouets", in=20 Bulletin de Liaison Saharienne, Alger, tome IV, n=B0 15, p. = 38-39 .=20
BELLIN P., 1963, "L'enfant saharien =E0 travers ses jeux", in = Journal de=20 la Soci=E9t=E9 des Africanistes, Paris, tome XXXIII, fasc. 1, p. = 47-103.=20
BERNUS Edmond, 1975, "Jeu et =E9levage. Vocabulaire d'=E9levage = utilis=E9 dans=20 un jeu de quadrillage par les Touareg (Iullemmeden Kel Dinnik)", in = Journal=20 d'Agriculture Tropicale et de Botanique Appliqu=E9e, Paris, Tome = XXII, n=B0=20 4-5-6, avril-mai-juin, p. 167-176, ill.=20
de FOUCAULD Charles (p=E8re), 1951-1952, Dictionnaire = touareg-fran=E7ais.=20 Dialecte de l'Ahaggar, Imprimerie Nationale, Paris, 4 vol., 2028 = p., ill.=20
"FOLKLORE TOUAREG. F=CATES ET LUDISME", anonyme, in = =C9tudes et=20 Documents Berb=E8res, n=B0 1, La Bo=EEte =E0 Documents, Paris, p. = 86-99, ill.=20
"VIE DES TOUAREGS. ENFANCE ET JEUX", anonyme, 1987, in =C9tudes = et=20 Documents Berb=E8res, n=B0 2, La Bo=EEte =E0 Documents, Edisud, = Aix-en-Provence,=20 p. 91-98.

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